@article{Flynn_Hirvonen_Mensink_Ocké_Serra-Majem_Stos_Szponar_Tetens_Turrini_Fletcher_Wildemann_2017, title={Intake of selected nutrients from foods, from fortification and from supplements in various European countries}, volume={53}, url={https://foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/1123}, DOI={10.3402/fnr.v53i0.2038}, abstractNote={<p>Background: Recent European Union regulation requires setting of maximum amount of micronutrients in<br>dietary supplements or foods taking into account the tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) established by<br>scientific risk assessment and population reference intakes.<br>Objective: To collect and evaluate recently available data on intakes of selected vitamins and minerals from<br>conventional foods, food supplements and fortified foods in adults and children. Intake of calcium, copper,<br>iodine, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, zinc, folic acid, niacin and total vitamin A/retinol, B&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;, D and<br>E was derived from nationally representative surveys in Denmark, Germany, Finland, Ireland, Italy, the<br>Netherlands, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom. Intake of high consumers, defined as the 95th<br>percentile of each nutrient, was compared to the UL.<br>Results: For most nutrients, adults and children generally consume considerably less than the UL with<br>exceptions being retinol, zinc, iodine, copper and magnesium. The major contributor to intakes for all<br>nutrients and in all countries is from foods in the base diet. The patterns of food supplements and voluntary<br>fortification vary widely among countries with food supplements being responsible for the largest differences<br>in total intakes. In the present study, for those countries with data on fortified foods, fortified foods do not<br>significantly contribute to higher intakes for any nutrient. Total nutrient intake expressed as percentage of the<br>UL is generally higher in children than in adults.<br>Conclusion: The risk of excessive intakes is relatively low for the majority of nutrients with a few exceptions.<br>Children are the most vulnerable group as they are more likely to exhibit high intakes relative to the UL.<br>There is a need to develop improved methods for estimating intakes of micronutrients from fortified foods<br>and food supplements in future dietary surveys.</p> <p>Erratum see&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v53i0.2129">https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v53i0.2129</a></p&gt;}, journal={Food & Nutrition Research}, author={Flynn Albert and Hirvonen Tero and Mensink Gert B. M. and Ocké Marga C. and Serra-Majem Lluis and Stos Katarzyna and Szponar Lucjan and Tetens Inge and Turrini Aida and Fletcher Reg and Wildemann Tanja}, year={2017}, month={Dec.} }