@article{Holmbäck_Ericson_Gullberg_Wirfält_2009, title={Five meal patterns are differently associated with nutrient intakes, lifestyle factors and energy misreporting in a sub-sample of the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort}, volume={53}, url={https://foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/1128}, DOI={10.3402/fnr.v53i0.1970}, abstractNote={<p>Objective: Examine how meal patterns are associated with nutrient intakes, lifestyle and socioeconomic<br>factors, and energy misreporting.<br>Design: A cross-sectional study within the Malmö Diet and Cancer (MDC) cohort. Participants reported on<br>the overall types and frequency of meals consumed, and completed a modified dietary history, a lifestyle and<br>socioeconomic questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements. Based on the reported intake of six<br>different meal types, meal pattern groups were distinguished using Ward’s cluster analysis. Associations<br>between meal patterns and nutrient intakes, anthropometric, lifestyle and socioeconomic variables were<br>examined using the x&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;-method and analysis of variance.<br>Subjects: A sub-sample of the MDC study cohort (n=28,098), consisting of 1,355 men and 1,654 women.<br>Results: Cluster analysis identified five groups of subjects with different meal patterns in both men and<br>women. These meal pattern groups differed regarding nutrient intakes, lifestyle and socioeconomic factors.<br>Subjects reporting frequent coffee meals were more likely to report an ‘unhealthy’ lifestyle, e.g. smoking, high<br>alcohol consumption and low physical activity, while those with a fruit pattern reported a more ‘healthy’<br>lifestyle. Women were more likely to underreport their energy intake than men, and the degree of<br>underreporting varied between the meal pattern groups.<br>Conclusions: The meal pattern groups showed significant differences in dietary quality and socioeconomic<br>and lifestyle variables. This supports previous research suggesting that diet is part of a multifaceted<br>phenomenon. Incorporation of aspects on how foods are combined and eaten into public health advices<br>might improve their efficiency.</p&gt;}, journal={Food & Nutrition Research}, author={Holmbäck Isabel and Ericson Ulrika and Gullberg Bo and Wirfält Elisabet}, year={2009}, month={Sep.} }