@article{Joy_Lowery_Falcone_Vogel_Mosman_Tai_Carson_Kimber_Choate_Kim_Wilson_Moon_2015, title={A multi-ingredient, pre-workout supplement is apparently safe in healthy males and females}, volume={59}, url={https://foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/810}, DOI={10.3402/fnr.v59.27470}, abstractNote={<p><em><strong>Background</strong></em>: Pre-workout supplements (PWS) have become increasingly popular with recreational and competitive athletes. While many ingredients used in PWS have had their safety assessed, the interactions when combined are less understood.</p><p><em><strong>Objective</strong></em>: The purpose of this study was to examine the safety of 1 and 2 servings of a PWS.</p><p><em><strong>Design</strong></em>: Forty-four males and females (24.4±4.6 years; 174.7±9.3 cm; 78.9±18.6 kg) from two laboratories participated in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to consume either one serving (G1; <em>n</em>=14) or two servings (G2; <em>n</em>=18) of PWS or serve as an unsupplemented control (CRL; <em>n</em>=12). Blood draws for safety panels were conducted by a trained phlebotomist before and after the supplementation period.</p><p><em><strong>Results</strong></em>: Pooled data from both laboratories revealed significant group×time interactions (<em>p</em>&lt;0.05) for mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH; CRL: 30.9±0.8–31.0±0.9 pg; G1: 30.7±1.1–30.2±0.7 pg; G2: 30.9±1.2–30.9±1.1 pg), MCH concentration (CRL: 34.0±0.9–34.4±0.7 g/dL; G1: 34.1±0.9–33.8±0.6 g/dL; G2: 34.0±1.0–33.8±0.8 g/dL), platelets (CRL: 261.9±45.7–255.2±41.2×10<sup>3</sup>/µL; G1: 223.8±47.7–238.7±49.6×10<sup>3</sup>/µL; G2: 239.1±28.3–230.8±34.5×10<sup>3</sup>/µL), serum glucose (CRL: 84.1±5.2–83.3±5.8 mg/dL; G1: 86.5±7.9–89.7±5.6 mg/dL; G2: 87.4±7.2–89.9±6.6 mg/dL), sodium (CRL: 137.0±2.7–136.4±2.4 mmol/L; 139.6±1.4–140.0±2.2 mmol/L; G2: 139.0±2.2–138.7±1.7 mmol/L), albumin (CRL: 4.4±0.15–4.4±0.22 g/dL; G1: 4.5±0.19–4.5±0.13 g/dL; G2: 4.6±0.28–4.3±0.13 g/dL), and albumin:globulin (CRL: 1.8±0.30–1.8±0.28; G1: 1.9±0.30–2.0±0.31; G2: 1.8±0.34–1.8±0.34). Each of these variables remained within the clinical reference ranges.</p><p><em><strong>Conclusions</strong></em>: The PWS appears to be safe for heart, liver, and kidney function in both one-serving and two-serving doses when consumed daily for 28 days. Despite the changes observed for select variables, no variable reached clinical significance.</p><p><em><strong>Keywords</strong></em>: caffeine; hematology; toxicity; nitrates; sports supplement</p><p>(Published: 16 June 2015)</p><p>Citation: Food &amp; Nutrition Research 2015, 59: 27470 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v59.27470</p&gt;}, journal={Food & Nutrition Research}, author={Joy Jordan M. and Lowery Ryan P. and Falcone Paul H. and Vogel Roxanne M. and Mosman Matt M. and Tai Chih-yin and Carson Laura R. and Kimber Dylan and Choate David and Kim Michael P. and Wilson Jacob M. and Moon Jordan R.}, year={2015}, month={Jun.} }