Fluid and water balance: a scoping review for the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023

Per Ole Iversen; Mikael Fogelholm

doi:10.29219/fnr.v67.9975

Per Ole Iversen Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Mikael Fogelholm Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v67.9975

Keywords: water, fluids, beverages, hydration, recommendations

Abstract

Water, being an essential nutrient, is crucial for all life. Adequate maintenance of body water compartments is required for optimal fluid balance, which is a prerequisite for cellular homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. Water balance is the result of dietary intake of both fluids and foods as well as metabolically produced water, excretion from the kidneys and losses from other sources (e.g. sweat and feces). The water content in food items varies considerably and ranges from about 5% in nuts to 90% in many fruits and vegetables. Intake of drinking water and beverages also provides varying amounts of water. In everyday life assessment of water balance (i.e. hydration status) is challenging as clinical observations are inaccurate. There is no data regarding drinking water intake in the Nordic or Baltic countries.

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