Allium macrostemon whole extract ameliorates obesity-induced inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in adipose tissue of high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6N mice
Keywords:
adipose tissue, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, Allium macrostemon extract
Abstract
Background: Obesity is a major risk factor for metabolic syndrome and a serious health concern worldwide. Various strategies exist to treat and prevent obesity, including dietary approaches using bioactive ingredients from natural sources.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effect of whole-plant Allium macrostemon (also called as long-stamen chive) extract (AME) as a potential new functional food.
Design: C57BL/6N mice were divided into three groups and fed either a control diet (CD), high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD with AME treatment (200 mg/kg BW daily) for 9 weeks. The mice in the CD and HFD groups were treated with vehicle control.
Results: AME supplementation reduced HFD-induced body weight gain, fat mass, and adipocyte size. AME suppressed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and fatty acid synthase mRNA expression, indicating reduced adipogenesis and lipogenesis in adipose tissue. In addition, AME lowered inflammation in adipose tissue, as demonstrated by the lower number of crown-like structures, mRNA, and/or protein expression of macrophage filtration markers, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, including F4/80 and IL-6. Endoplasmic reticulum stress was also alleviated by AME administration in adipose tissue. Several phenolic acids known to have anti-obesity effects, including ellagic acid, protocatechuic acid, and catechin, have been identified in AME.
Conclusion: By suppressing adipose tissue expansion and inflammation, AME is a potential functional food for the prevention and/or treatment of obesity and its complications.
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References
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4. Morigny P, Boucher J, Arner P, Langin D. Lipid and glucose metabolism in white adipocytes: pathways, dysfunction and therapeutics. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17(5): 276–95. doi: 10.1038/s41574-021-00471-8
5. Cinti S, Mitchell G, Barbatelli G, Murano I, Ceresi E, Faloia E, et al. Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. J Lipid Res 2005; 46(11): 2347–55. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M500294-JLR200
6. Kawasaki N, Asada R, Saito A, Kanemoto S, Imaizumi K. Obesity-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress causes chronic inflammation in adipose tissue. Sci Rep 2012; 2: 799. doi: 10.1038/srep00799
7. Hotamisligil GS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the inflammatory basis of metabolic disease. Cell 2010; 140(6): 900–17. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.034
8. Ron D, Walter P. Signal integration in the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8(7): 519–29. doi: 10.1038/nrm2199
9. Fernandes-da-Silva A, Miranda CS, Santana-Oliveira DA, Oliveira-Cordeiro B, Rangel-Azevedo C, Silva-Veiga FM, et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress as the basis of obesity and metabolic diseases: focus on adipose tissue, liver, and pancreas. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60(6): 2949–60. doi: 10.1007/s00394-021-02542-y
10. Suzuki T, Gao J, Ishigaki Y, Kondo K, Sawada S, Izumi T, et al. ER stress protein CHOP mediates insulin resistance by modulating adipose tissue macrophage polarity. Cell Rep 2017; 18(8): 2045–57. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.076
11. Boden G, Duan X, Homko C, Molina EJ, Song W, Perez O, et al. Increase in endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins and genes in adipose tissue of obese, insulin-resistant individuals. Diabetes 2008; 57(9): 2438–44. doi: 10.2337/db08-0604
12. Chung S, Park SH, Park JH, Hwang JT. Anti-obesity effects of medicinal plants from Asian countries and related molecular mechanisms: a review. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2021; 22(4): 1279–93. doi: 10.31083/j.rcm2204135
13. Shang A, Gan RY, Xu XY, Mao QQ, Zhang PZ, Li HB. Effects and mechanisms of edible and medicinal plants on obesity: an updated review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 61(12): 2061–77. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1769548
14. Petropoulos SA, Di Gioia F, Polyzos N, Tzortzakis N. Natural antioxidants, health effects and bioactive properties of wild allium species. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26(16): 1816–37. doi: 10.2174/1381612826666200203145851
15. Jia W, Li Y, Wan J, Cui X, Lu J, Liu J, et al. Effects of Xuezhitong in patients with hypertriglyceridemia: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, double simulation, positive drug and placebo parallel control study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 34(4): 525–34. doi: 10.1007/s10557-020-06965-3
16. Lee J-Y, Jeong Y, Kim J, Kim CY. Inhibitory effect of Allium macrostemon extracts on adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Korean J Food Sci Technol 2020; 52(5): 441–9. doi: 10.9721/KJFST.2020.52.5.441
17. Xie W, Zhang Y, Wang N, Zhou H, Du L, Ma X, et al. Novel effects of macrostemonoside A, a compound from Allium macrostemon Bung, on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and visceral obesity in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 599(1–3): 159–65. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.09.042
18. Fu C, Jiang Y, Guo J, Su Z. Natural products with anti-obesity effects and different mechanisms of action. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64(51): 9571–85. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04468
19. Liu RH. Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78(3 Suppl): 517S–20S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/78.3.517S
20. Phan MAT, Paterson J, Bucknall M, Arcot J. Interactions between phytochemicals from fruits and vegetables: effects on bioactivities and bioavailability. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 58(8): 1310–29. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1254595
21. Lee S, Kim DH, Lee CH, Jung JW, Seo YT, Jang YP, et al. Antidepressant-like activity of the aqueous extract of allium macrostemon in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 131(2): 386–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.015
22. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18(6): 499–502. doi: 10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499
23. Diaz Marin R, Crespo-Garcia S, Wilson AM, Sapieha P. RELi protocol: optimization for protein extraction from white, brown and beige adipose tissues. MethodsX 2019; 6: 918–28. doi: 10.1016/j.mex.2019.04.010
24. Kim J-S, Kang O-J, Gweon O-C. Comparison of phenolic acids and flavonoids in black garlic at different thermal processing steps. J Funct Foods 2013; 5(1): 80–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.08.006
25. Li X, Zhang Y, Wang S, Shi C, Wang S, Wang X, et al. A review on the potential use of natural products in overweight and obesity. Phytother Res 2022; 36(5): 1990–2015. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7426
26. Jack BU, Malherbe CJ, Mamushi M, Muller CJF, Joubert E, Louw J, et al. Adipose tissue as a possible therapeutic target for polyphenols: a case for cyclopia extracts as anti-obesity nutraceuticals. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120: 109439. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109439
27. You L, Li F, Sun Y, Luo L, Qin J, Wang T, et al. Extract of Acalypha australis L. inhibits lipid accumulation and ameliorates HFD-induced obesity in mice through regulating adipose differentiation by decreasing PPARgamma and CEBP/alpha expression. Food Nutr Res 2021; 65: 1–16. doi: 10.29219/fnr.v65.4246
28. Zhang J, Fu M, Cui T, Xiong C, Xu K, Zhong W, et al. Selective disruption of PPARgamma 2 impairs the development of adipose tissue and insulin sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101(29): 10703–8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0403652101
29. Sung YY, Yoon T, Kim SJ, Yang WK, Kim HK. Anti-obesity activity of Allium fistulosum L. extract by down-regulation of the expression of lipogenic genes in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Mol Med Rep 2011; 4(3): 431–5. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2011.451
30. Loftus TM, Jaworsky DE, Frehywot GL, Townsend CA, Ronnett GV, Lane MD, et al. Reduced food intake and body weight in mice treated with fatty acid synthase inhibitors. Science 2000; 288(5475): 2379–81. doi: 10.1126/science.288.5475.2379
31. Sun XB, Zhao J, Ma XF, Tian WX. Inhibitory effects of thioethers on fatty acid synthase and 3T3-L1 cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25(2): 290–5. doi: 10.3109/14756360903179377
32. Oh DR, Kim Y, Choi EJ, Hunmi L, Jung MA, Bae D, et al. Antiobesity effects of unripe rubus coreanus miquel and its constituents: an in vitro and in vivo characterization of the underlying mechanism. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016; 2016: 4357656. doi: 10.1155/2016/4357656
33. Berndt J, Kovacs P, Ruschke K, Kloting N, Fasshauer M, Schon MR, et al. Fatty acid synthase gene expression in human adipose tissue: association with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2007; 50(7): 1472–80. doi: 10.1007/s00125-007-0689-x
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Published
2023-05-18
How to Cite
Kim J., Lee J.-Y., & Kim C. Y. (2023). <em>Allium macrostemon</em> whole extract ameliorates obesity-induced inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in adipose tissue of high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6N mice. Food & Nutrition Research, 67. https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v67.9256
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